Old Testament Studies
Please contact your Teaching Fellow if you have any suggestions to add to this page.
- Teaching Fellow Recommended Books
- Teaching Fellow Recommended Commentaries
- Teaching Fellow Recommended Web Links
Abbreviations used below:
| AB: Anchor Bible | AOTC: Apollos Old Testament Commentary | BST: The Bible Speaks Today | CC: The Communicator's Commentary |
| ConC: A Continental Commentary | DSB: The Daily Study Bible | FOTL: Forms of Old Testament Literature | HCOT: Historical Commentary on the Old Testament |
| HOTC: Holman Old Testament Commentary | ICC: International Critical Commentary | Int.: Interpretation Commentary Series | JPS: The JPS Torah Commentary (JPS=Jewish Publication Society) |
| NAC: New American Commentary | NCB: The New Century Bible Commentary Series | NIBC: The New International Bible Commentary | NICOT: The New International Commentary on the Old Testament |
| NIVAC: NIV Application Commentary | TOTC: Tyndale OT Commentaries | WBC: Word Biblical Commentary | WeBC: Westminster Bible Companion |
| WEC: Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary |
Teaching Fellow Recommended Books
Intermediate Hebrew Grammars
Arnold, Bill T., and John H. Choi, A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Joüon, Paul and T. Muraoka. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Roma, Italia: Editrice Pontificia Universita Gregoriana, 2006.
Van der Merwe, Christo H.J., Jackie A. Naude, and Jan H Kroeze. A Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar. London: Continuum, 1999.
Waltke, Bruce, and Michael P. O’Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
Williams, Ronald J. Williams’ Hebrew Syntax. 3d ed. Revised and expanded by John C. Beckman. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
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General Old Testament Resources
Hill, Andrew and John Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament, 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009.
Hill, Andrew and John Walton. Old Testament Today: A Journey from Original Meaning to Contemporary Significance. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2004.
Longman, Tremper, III and Raymond B. Dillard. An Introduction to the Old Testament, 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2006.
Walton, John. Chronological and Background Charts of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994.
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Old Testament Theology
Anderson, Bernard W. Contours of Old Testament Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999.
Barr, James. The Concept of Biblical Theology: An Old Testament Perspective. Minneapolis: SCM, Augsburg Fortress, 1999.
Brueggemann, Walter. Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997.
Brueggemann, Walter. Old Testament Theology: An Introduction. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2008.
Childs, Brevard S. Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1986.
Eichrodt, W. Old Testament Theology. 2 vols. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961-67.
Goldingay, John. Old Testament Theology: Vol. One: Israel's Gospel; Vol. Two: Israel's Faith; & Vol. Three: Israel’s Life. InterVarsity, 2003, 2006 & 2009.
Hasel, Gerhard. Old Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.
House, Paul R. Old Testament Theology. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998.
Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. Toward an Old Testament Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978.
Martens, Elmer A., ed. Old Testament Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997.
Ollenburger, Ben C., Elmer A. Marten, and Gerhard F. Hasel, eds. The Flowering of Old Testament Theology: Sources for Biblical and Theological Study. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1992.
Preuss, Horst Dietrich. Old Testament Theology. 2 vols. OTL. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1995-6.
Sailhammer, John H. Introduction to Old Testament Theology: A Canonical Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.
Smith, Ralph L. Old Testament Theology: Its History, Method, and Message. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1993.
Terrien, S. The Elusive Presence: Toward a New Biblical Theology. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
Vanhoozer, Kevin J., ed. Theological Interpretation of the Old Testament: A Book-by-Book Survey. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008.
Von Rad, Gerhard. Old Testament Theology. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Row, 1962-65.
Waltke, Bruce K. An Old Testament Theology: An Exegetical, Canonical, and Thematic Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2007.
Zimmerli, Walther. Old Testament Theology in Outline. Louisville: John Knox, 1978.
Zuck, Roy B., ed. A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody, 1991.
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Archaeology
Ben-Tor, Amnon, ed. The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
Hess, Richard. Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007.
Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2006.
Hoffmeier, James K. The Archaeology of the Bible. Oxford: Lion Hudson, 2008.
King, Philip J. and Lawrence Stager. Life in Biblical Israel. Edited by Douglas A. Knight. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
Levy, Thomas Evan. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998.
Mazar, Amihay. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible:10,000-586 B.C.E.. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Stern, Ephraim. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: Vol Two: The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods (732-332). New York: Doubleday, 2001
Stern, Ephraim. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, 3rd ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993-2008.
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Atlases
Curtis, Adrian. Oxford Bible Atlas, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Parpola, Simo and Michael Porter. Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo Assyrian Period. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2001.
Aharoni, Yohanan, Michael Avi- Yona, Anson F. Rainey, and Ze'ev Safrai. Carta Bible Atlas 4th ed. Jerusalem: Carta, 2002.
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Ancient Near Eastern Backgrounds
Hallo, William W., and K. Lawson Younger, eds. The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions and Archival Documents from the Biblical World, vol 1-3. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
Khurt, Amelie. The Ancient Near East: c. 3000-330 BC, 2 vols. London: Routledge, 1995.
Niehaus, Jeffrey. Ancient Near Eastern Themes in Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2008.
Pritchard, J. Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 3rd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969.
Sasson, Jack. The Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2001.
Van de Mieroop, Marc. A History of the Ancient Near East: ca. 3000-323 B.C., 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
Walton, John. Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2006.
Walton, John. Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary Set. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009.
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History of Israel
Block, Daniel. Israel: Ancient Kingdom or Late Invention? Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group, 2008.
Bright, John. A History of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000.
Coogan, Michael. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. A History of Israel from the Bronze Age Through the Jewish Wars. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1998.
Mathews, Victor H. A Brief History of Ancient Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002.
Provan, Iain, V. Philips Long, and Tremper Longman III. A Biblical History of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003.
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Old Testament Ethics
Barton, John. Understanding Old Testament Ethics: Approaches and Explorations. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003.
Birch, Bruce. Let Justice Roll Down: The Old Testament, Ethics, and Christian Life. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1991.
Carroll, M. Daniel. Theory and Practice in Old Testament Ethics. London: Continuum, 2004.
Janzen, Waldemar. Old Testament Ethics: A Paradigmatic Approach. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994.
Jensen, Joseph. Ethical Dimensions of the Prophets. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical, 2006.
Rodd, Cyril S. Glimpses of a Strange Land: Studies in Old Testament Ethics. London: Continuum, 2001.
Wright, Christopher J.H. Old Testament Ethics for the People of God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2004.
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Teaching Fellow Recommended Commentaries
Genesis Genesis
Brueggemann, Walter. Genesis. Int. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2010.
Cassuto, Umberto. Commentary on Genesis. Trans. I. Abrahams. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1964.
Hamilton, Victor. The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1-17 & The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18-50. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Kidner, Derek. Genesis: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: Inter Varsity Press, 1967.
Mathews, Kenneth A. Genesis 1-11:26 & Genesis 11:27-50:26. NAC. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1996 & 2005.
Sarna, Nahum M. Genesis. JPS. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1989.
Von Rad, Gerhard. Genesis. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972.
Waltke, Bruce K. Genesis: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
Walton, John. The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2009.
Wenham, Gordon J. Genesis 1-15 & Genesis 16-50. WBC 1 & 2. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1987 & 1994.
Westermann, Claus. Genesis. 3 vols. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 1984-86.
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Exodus
Cassuto, Umberto. Commentary on Exodus. Trans. I. Abrahams. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967.
Childs, Brevard S. The Book of Exodus. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1974.
Durham, John I. Exodus. WBC. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1987.
Propp, William H. Exodus 1-18: A New Translation and Commentary & Exodus 19-40: A New Translation and Commentary. AB 2A & 2B New York: Doubleday, 1998 & 2006.
Sarna, Nahum M. Exodus. JPS. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
Stuart, Douglas K. Exodus. NAC 2. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2006.
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Leviticus
Gerstenberger, Erhard S. Leviticus. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996.
Harrrison, Roland Kenneth. Leviticus: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1980.
Hartley, John E. Leviticus. WBC. Word, 1992.
Hess, Richard S. "Leviticus," pp. 563-826 in The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Revised Edition: vol. 1: Genesis–Leviticus. Edited by Tremper Longman III and David E .Garland. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.
Levine, Baruch.A. Leviticus. JPS. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989.
Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus 1-16. AB 3; Leviticus 17-22. AB 3A; & Leviticus 23-27. AB 3, 3A, & 3B. New York: Doubleday, 1991, 2000, & 2001.
Rooker, Mark F. Leviticus. NAC 3A. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 2000.
Ross, Allen P. Holiness to the LORD: A Guide to the Exposition of the Book of Leviticus. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2002.
Wenham, Gordon J. The Book of Leviticus. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.
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Numbers
Ashley, Timothy R. The Book of Numbers. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.
Budd, Philip J. Numbers. WBC 5. Waco: Word 1984.
Cole, R. Dennis. Numbers. NAC 3B. Nashville: Broadman, 2000.
Davies, Eryl W. Numbers. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.
Levine, Baruch A. Numbers 1-20 & Numbers 21-36. AB 4 & 4A. New York: Doubleday, 1993 & 2000.
Milgrom, Jacob. Numbers. JPS. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1990.
Wenham, Gordon J. Numbers: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1981.
Wenham, Gordon J. Numbers. Old Testament Guides. Sheffield: JSOT, 1997.
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Deuteronomy
Christensen, Duane L. Deuteronomy 1:1-21:9 (revised) & Deuteronomy 21:10-34:12. WBC 6A and 6B. Word, 2001 and 2002.
Craigie, Peter C. The Book of Deuteronomy. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.
McConville, J. Gordon. Deuteronomy. AOTC 5. Leicester: Apollos; Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2002.
Miller, Patrick D., Jr. Deuteronomy. Int. John Knox, 1990.
Nelson, Richard D. Deuteronomy: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002.
Thompson, John Arthur. Deuteronomy: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1974.
Tigay, Jeffrey H. Deuteronomy. JPS. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996.
Von Rad, Gerhard. Deuteronomy. OTL. Louisville: Westminster, 1966.
Weinfeld, Moshe. Deuteronomy 1-11. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Wright, Christopher J. H. Deuteronomy. NIBC. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1996.
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JoshuaJoshua
Boling, Robert G. and G. Ernest Wright Joshua. A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1982.
Butler, Trent C. Joshua. WBC. Waco: Word, 1983.
Hess, Richard S. Joshua: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1996.
Howard, David M., Jr. Joshua. NAC 5. Nashville: Broadman, 1998.
Nelson, Richard D. Joshua. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997.
Woudstra, Marten H. The Book of Joshua. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.
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Judges
Auld, A.Graeme. Joshua, Judges, and Ruth. DSB. Westminster, 1984.
Block, Daniel I. Judges, Ruth. NAC 6. Nashville: Broadman, 1999.
Boling, Robert G. Judges. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1975.
Lindars, Barnabas. Judges 1-5. London: T & T Clark, 1995.
Niditch, Susan. Judges. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2008.
Schneider, Tammi J. Judges. Berit Olam: Studies in Hebrew Narrative & Poetry. Michael Glazier, 2000.
Soggin, J.A. Judges. OTL. Louisville: Westminster, 1981.
Younger, K. Lawson, Jr. Judges/Ruth. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
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Ruth
Block, Daniel I. Judges, Ruth. NAC 6. Nashville: Broadman, 1999.
Bush, Frederic. Ruth, Esther. WBC. Waco: Word, 1996.
Campbell, Edward F., Jr. Ruth. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1985.
Gow, Murray D. The Book of Ruth: Its Structure, Theme, and Purpose. Leicester: Apollos, 1992.
Hubbard, Robert L., Jr. The Book of Ruth. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.
Nielsen, Kirsten. Ruth. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997.
Sasson, Jack M. Ruth: A New Translation with a Philological Commentary and a Formalist-Folklorist Interpretation. 2nd ed. Sheffield, 1989.
Younger, K. Lawson, Jr. Judges/Ruth. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
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1 & 2 Samuel
Anderson, A.A. 2 Samuel. WBC. Waco: Word, 1989.
Arnold, Bill T. 1 & 2 Samuel. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003.
Baldwin, Joyce G. 1 & 2 Samuel. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988.
Bergen, Robert D. 1 and 2 Samuel. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1996.
Brueggemann, Walter. First and Second Samuel. Int. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1990.
Campbell, Anthony F. 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel. FOTL 7 & 8. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003 & 2005.
Evans, Mary. 1 and 2 Samuel. NIBC. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2000.
Fokkelman, J. P. Narrative Art and Poetry in the Books of Samuel: A Full Interpretation Based on Stylistic and Structural Analyses. 4 vols. Van Gorcum, 1981-1993.
Gordon, Robert P. 1 and 2 Samuel. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.
Jobling, David. 1 Samuel. Berit Olam. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1998.
Klein, Ralph W. 1 Samuel. WBC. Waco: Word, 1983.
McCarter, P. Kyle, Jr., I Samuel and II Samuel. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1980 & 1984.
Smith, James E. 1 & 2 Samuel. College Press NIV Commentary. College Press, 2000.
Tsumura, David T. The First Book of Samuel. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007.
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1 & 2 Kings
Brueggemann, Walter. 1 & 2 Kings. Smith & Helwys Commentary. Smith & Helwys, 2000.
Cogan, Mordechai. I Kings. AB 10. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
Cogan, Mordechai, and Hayim Tadmor. II Kings. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1988.
DeVries, Simon J. 1 Kings. WBC. Waco: Word, 1985.
Fretheim, Terence E. First and Second Kings. WeBC. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1999.
Hobbs, T.R. 2 Kings. WBC. Waco: Word, 1985.
House, Paul R. 1 and 2 Kings. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1995.
Jones, Gwilym. H. 1 and 2 Kings. 2 vols. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.
Knoppers, Gary N. Two Nations under God: The Deuteronomistic History of Solomon and the Dual Monarchies. 2 vols. Atlanta: Scholars, 1993, 1994.
Long, Burke O. 1 Kings with an Introduction to Historical Literature. FOTL 9. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.
Long, Burke O. 2 Kings. FOTL 10. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
Mulder, Martin J. 1 Kings: Volume 1: 1 Kings 1-11. HCOT. Belgium: Peeters, 1998.
Nelson, Richard. First and Second Kings. Int. Louisville: John Knox, 1987.
Provan, Iain W. 1 and 2 Kings. NIBC. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1995.
Sweeney, Marvin A. I & II Kings: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2007.
Walsh, Jerome T. 1 Kings. Berit Olam. Collegeville: Liturgical, 1996.
Wiseman, Donald J. 1 and 2 Kings. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1993.
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1 & 2 Chronicles
Braun, Roddy. 1 Chronicles. WBC. Waco: Word, 1986.
Dillard, Raymond B. II Chronicles. WBC. Waco: Word, 1987.
Hill, Andrew E. 1 & 2 Chronicles. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003.
Japhet, Sara. I & II Chronicles. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1993.
Johnstone, William. 1 & 2 Chronicles. 2 vols. Sheffield, 1997.
Knoppers, Gary N. I Chronicles 1-9: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary & I Chronicles 10-29. AB. New York: Doubleday, 2003 & 2004.
Selman, Martin J. 1 Chronicles & 2 Chronicles. 2 vols. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1994.
Thompson, John A. 1 and 2 Chronicles. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1995.
Williamson, Hugh G. M. 1 and 2 Chronicles. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
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Ezra & Nehemiah
Allen, Leslie C. and Timothy S. Laniak. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. NIBC. Peabody: Hendrickson - Paternoster, 2003.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Ezra-Nehemiah. OTL. Louisville: Westminster, 1988.
Breneman, Mervin. Ezra Nehemiah Esther. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1993.
Clines, D.J.A. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.
Fensham, F. Charles. The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
Kidner, Derek. Ezra and Nehemiah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1979.
Throntveit, Mark A. Ezra-Nehemiah. Int. Louisville: John Knox, 1992.
Williamson, Hugh G. M. Ezra-Nehemiah. WBC. Waco: Word, 1985.
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Esther
Allen, Leslie C. and Timothy S. Laniak. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. NIBC. Peabody: Hendrickson - Paternoster, 2003.
Baldwin, Joyce G. Esther. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1984.
Berlin, Adele. Esther. JPS. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2001.
Day, Linda M. Esther. Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries. Nashville: Abingdon, 2005.
Fox, Michael V. Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.
Jobes, Karen J. Esther. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999.
Levenson, Jon D. Esther. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997.
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JobJob
Alden, Robert A. Job. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1994.
Anderson, Francis I. Job. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1976.
Balentine, Samuel E. Job. Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Smyth & Helwys, 2006.
Clines, D.J.A. Job 1-20. WBC. Waco: Word, 1989.
Gordis, Robert. The Book of Job: Commentary, New Translation and Special Studies. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1978.
Habel, Norman C. The Book of Job. OTL. Louisville: Westminster, 1985.
Hartley, John E. Job. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.
Janzen, J.Gerald. Job. Int. Louisville: John Knox, 1985.
Wharton, James A. Job. WeBC. Louisville:Westminster John Knox, 1999.
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Psalms
Allen Leslie C. Psalms 101-150. WBC. Waco: Word, 1983.
Bullock, C. Hassell. Encountering the Book of Psalms: A Literary and Theological Introduction. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001.
Cohen, Abraham. Psalms: Hebrew Text, English Translation and Commentary. Revised by E. Oratz. London: Soncino, 1992.
Craigie, Peter C. Psalms 1-50. WBC. Waco: Word, 1983.
Goldingay, John. Psalms: Volume 1: Psalms 1-41; Volume 2: Psalms 42-89; & Volume 3: Psalms 90-150. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006, 2007, & 2008.
Hossfeld, Frank-Lothar and Erich Zenger. Psalms 2. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005.
Kidner, Derek Psalms 1-72 & Psalms 73-150. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1973 & 1975.
Kraus, Hans-Joachim. Psalms 1-59 & Psalms 60-150. Translated by H. C. Oswald. Continental. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1988 & 1989.
Mays, James Luther. Psalms. Int. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994.
Tate, Marvin E. Psalms 51-100. WBC. Waco: Word, 1990.
Terrien, Samuel. The Psalms. Strophic Structure and Theological Commentary. ECC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.
Weiser, Artur. Psalms. OTL. Louisville: Westminster, 1962.
Williams, Donald M. Psalms. CC. 2 vols. Word, 1986. Evangelical.
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Proverbs
Alden, Robert L. Proverbs: A Commentary on an Ancient Book of Timeless Advice. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1983.
Clifford, Richard J. Proverbs. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1999.
Fox, Michael V. Proverbs 1-9. AB. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
Garrett, Duane A. Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs. NAC. Nashville: Broadman, 1993.
Heim, Knut Martin. Like Grapes of Gold Set in Silver: An Interpretation of Proverbial Clusters in Proverbs 10:1-22:16. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Band 273. Walter de Gruyter, 2001.
Hubbard, David Allan. Proverbs. Mastering the Old Testament. CC. Dallas: Word, 1989.
Kidner, Derek. Proverbs. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1964.
Longman, Tremper, III. Proverbs. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms, Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005.
McKane, William. Proverbs: A New Approach. OTL. Louisville: Westminster, 1970.
Waltke, Bruce K. The Book of Proverbs Chapters 1-15 & The Book of Proverbs Chapters 15-31. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004 & 2005.
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Ecclesiastes
Crenshaw, James L. Ecclesiastes. OTL. Louisville: Westminster, 1987.
Eaton, Michael A. Ecclesiastes. An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1983.
Fox, Michael V. A Time to Tear Down and a Time to Build Up: A Rereading of Ecclesiastes. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999.
Fox, Michael V. Ecclesiastes. JPS. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2004.
Gordis, Robert. Koholeth: The Man and His World. Schocken, 1951.
Krüger, Thomas. Qoheleth : A Commentary. Translated by O.C. Dean, Jr. Edited by Klaus Baltzer. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004.
Longman, Tremper, III. Ecclesiastes. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
Murphy, Roland E. Ecclesiastes. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1992.
Provan, Iain. Ecclesiastes/Song of Songs. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
Seow, Choon-Leong. Ecclesiastes. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1997.
Whybray, Roger Norman. Ecclesiastes. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
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Song of Songs
Bergant, Dianne. The Song of Songs. Berit Olam. Michael Glazier, 2001.
Carr, G. Lloyd. The Song of Solomon. An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1984.
Exum, J. Cheryl. Song of Songs: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2005.
Garrett, Duane, and Paul R. House. Song of Songs/Lamentations. WBC 23B. Nelson, 2004.
Hess, Richard S. Song of Songs. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005.
Keel, Othmar. Song of Songs. Translated by F. J. Geiser. ConC. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994.
Longman, Tremper, III. Song of Songs. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
Murphy, Roland Edmund. The Song of Songs. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990.
Pope, Marvin H. Song of Songs. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1977.
Provan, Iain. Ecclesiastes/Song of Songs. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
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IsaiahIsaiah
Baltzer, Klaus. Isaiah 40-55. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001.
Beyer, Bryan E. Encountering the Book of Isaiah: A Historical and Theological Study. Encountering Biblical Studies. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2007.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Isaiah 1-39; Isaiah 40-55; & Isaiah 56-66. AB 19A, 19B, & 19C. New York: Doubleday, 2000, 2000, & 2003.
Brueggemann, Walter. Isaiah 1-39 and Isaiah 40-66. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998.
Childs, Brevard S. Isaiah: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.
Goldingay, John. Isaiah. NIBC. Peabody: Hendrickson; Paternoster, 2001.
Goldingay, John. The Message of Isaiah 40-55: A Literary-Theological Commentary. London: T. & T. Clark, 2005.
Kaiser, Otto. Isaiah 1-39. 2 vols. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 & 1974.
Motyer, J. Alec. The Prophecy of Isaiah: An Introduction & Commentary. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1993.
Motyer, J. Alec. Isaiah: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1999.
Ortlund, Raymond C., Jr. Isaiah: God Saves Sinners. Preaching the Word Series. Crossway, 2005.
Oswalt, John N. The Book of Isaiah. 2 vols. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986 & 1998.
Seitz, Christopher R. Isaiah 1-39. Int. Louisville: John Knox, 1993.
Smith, Gary V. Isaiah 1-39. NAC 15A. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2007.
Walker, Larry L. Isaiah, Jeremiah-Lamentations. Cornerstone Biblical Commentary. Tyndale House, 2005.
Watts, John D.W. Isaiah. 2 vols. WBC. Waco: Word Books, 1985 & 1987.
Webb, Barry G. The Message of Isaiah. BST. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1996.
Westermann, Claus. Isaiah 40-66. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969.
Wildberger, Hans. Isaiah 1-12. ConC. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1991.
Williamson, Hugh. G. M. Isaiah 1-5. ICC. London: T. & T. Clark, 2006.
Young, Edward J. The Book of Isaiah. 3 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.
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Jeremiah
Allen, Leslie C. Jeremiah: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2008.?
Carroll, Robert P. Jeremiah. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1986.
Clements, Ronald E. Jeremiah. Interpretation. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1988.
Craigie, Peter C., Page H. Kelley, and Joel F. Drinkard, Jr. Jeremiah 1-25. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1991.
Dearman, J. Andrew. Jeremiah, Lamentations. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002.
Holladay, William L. Jeremiah 1-25 & Jeremiah 26-52. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986, 1989.
Keown, Gerald L., Pamela J. Scalise, and Thomas G. Smothers. Jeremiah 26-52. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1995.
King, Philip J. Jeremiah: An Archaeological Commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1993.
Lundbom, Jack R. Jeremiah 1-20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary; Jeremiah 21-36; & Jeremiah 37-52. AB, 21A, 21B, & 21C. New York: Doubleday, 1999, 2004, & 2004.
McKane, William. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Jeremiah 1-25 & Jeremiah 26-52. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1986 & 1989.
Pixley, Jorge. Jeremiah. Chalice Commentaries. Chalice, 2004.
Thompson, John A. The Book of Jeremiah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980.
Lamentations
Hillers, Delbert R. Lamentations: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. 2nd ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Provan, Iain. Lamentations. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
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Ezekiel
Allen, Leslie C. Ezekiel 1-19, 20-48. WBC, 2 vols. Waco: Word Books, 1990.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Ezekiel. Int. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1990.
Block, Daniel I. The Book of Ezekiel. 2 vols. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997 & 1998.
Craigie, Peter C. Ezekiel. DSB. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983.
Cooper, Lamar Eugene, Jr. Ezekiel. NAC. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994.
Duguid, Iain M. Ezekiel. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999.
Eichrodt, Walter. Ezekiel. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1970.
Greenberg, Moshe. Ezekiel 1-20 & Ezekiel 21-37. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1983 & 1997.
Rooker, Mark. Ezekiel. HOTC, 17. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2005.
Zimmerli, Walther. Ezekiel 1-24 & Ezekiel 25-48. 2 vols. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979 & 1983.
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Daniel
Baldwin, Joyce G. Daniel. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1978.
Collins, John J. Daniel. Hermeneia. Fortress, 1993.
Goldingay, John. Daniel. WBC. Waco: Word Books, 1989.
Hartman, Louis F. and Alexander A. DiLella. Daniel. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1978.
Longman, Tremper, III. Daniel. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999.
Montgomery, James A. Daniel. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1927.
Porteous, Norman W. Daniel. 2nd edition. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1979.
Young, Edward J. The Prophecy of Daniel. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949.
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HoseaHosea
Andersen, Francis I. and David N. Freedman. Hosea. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1980.
Davies, G.I. Hosea. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.
Garrett, Duane A. Hosea, Joel. NAB. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997.
Harper, William Rainey. Hosea and Amos. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1905.
Hubbard, David A. Hosea. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1989.
Macintosh, A.A. Hosea. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1997.
Mays, James L. Hosea. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary: Vol. 1: Hosea-Amos. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.
Smith, Gary V. Hosea, Amos, Micah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
Stuart, Douglas K. Hosea - Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word Books, 1987.
Wolff, Hans W. Hosea. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1974.
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Joel
Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.
Baker, David W. Joel-Obadiah-Malachi. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006.
Barton, John. Joel and Obadiah. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.
Coggins, Richard James. Joel and Amos. NCB. Atlanta: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
Crenshaw, James L. Joel. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1995.
Finley, Thomas J. Joel, Amos, Obadiah. WEC. Chicago: Moody Press, 1990.
Garrett, Duane A. Hosea, Joel. NAB. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997.
Hubbard, David A. Joel and Amos. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1989.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary: Vol. 1: Hosea-Amos. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.
Stuart, Douglas. Hosea - Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word Books, 1987.
Wolff, Hans W. Joel and Amos. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977.
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Amos
Andersen, Francis I. and David N. Freedman. Amos. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1989.
Carroll R., M. Daniel. Amos: The Prophet and His Oracles: Research on the Book of Amos. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002.
Coggins, Richard James. Joel and Amos. NCB. Atlanta: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
Finley, Thomas J. Joel, Amos, Obadiah. WEC. Chicago: Moody Press, 1990.
Hubbard, David A. Joel and Amos. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1989.
Jeremias, Jörg. The Book of Amos. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998.
Mays, James L. Amos. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary: Vol. 1: Hosea-Amos. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.
Paul, Shalom. Amos. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1991.
Smith, Gary V. Hosea, Amos, Micah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
Smith, Gary V. Amos. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988.
Stuart, Douglas. Hosea - Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word Books, 1987.
Wolff, Hans W. Joel and Amos. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977.
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Obadiah
Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.
Baker, David W., T. Desmond Alexander, and Bruce K. Waltke. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988.
Baker, David W. Joel-Obadiah-Malachi. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006.
Barton, John. Joel and Obadiah. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.
Finley, Thomas J. Joel, Amos, Obadiah. WEC. Chicago: Moody Press, 1990.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary: Vol. 2: Obadiah-Habakkuk. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993.
Stuart, Douglas K. Hosea - Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word Books, 1987.
Wolff, Hans Walter. Obadiah and Jonah. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985.
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Jonah
Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.
Bruckner, James. Jonah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary: Vol. 2: Obadiah-Habakkuk. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993.
Sasson, Jack M. Jonah. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1990.
Simon, Uriel. Jonah. JPS. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1999.
Stuart, Douglas K. Hosea - Jonah. WBC. Waco: Word Books, 1987.
Trible, Phyllis. Rhetorical Criticism: Context, Method and the Book of Jonah. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.
Wolff, Hans Walter. Obadiah and Jonah. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985.
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Micah
Allen, Leslie C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.
Andersen, Francis I. and David Noel Freedman. Micah. AB 24E. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
Baker, David W., T. Desmond Alexander, and Bruce K. Waltke. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988.
Barker, Kenneth L. and Waylon Bailey. Micah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NAC. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1999.
Hillers, Delbert R. Micah. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984.
Mays, James L. Micah. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1976.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary: Vol. 2: Obadiah-Habakkuk. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993.
Smith, Gary V. Hosea, Amos, Micah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
Waltke, Bruce K. A Commentary on Micah. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007.
Wolff, Hans Walter. Micah. A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1990.
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Nahum
Baker, David W. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988.
Barker, Kenneth L. and Waylon Bailey. Micah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NAC. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1999.
Bruckner, James. Jonah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary: Vol. 2: Obadiah-Habakkuk. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993.
Roberts, J. J. M. Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. OTL. Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1991.
Robertson, O. Palmer. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
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Habakkuk
Baker, David W. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988.
Barker, Kenneth L. and Waylon Bailey. Micah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NAC. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1999.
Bruckner, James. Jonah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward, ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical & Expository Commentary. Vol. 2: Obadiah-Habakkuk. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993.
Roberts, J. J. M. Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. OTL. Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1991.
Robertson, O. Palmer. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
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Zephaniah
Baker, David W. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988.
Barker, Kenneth L. and Waylon Bailey. Micah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NAC. Broadman & Holman, 1999. See under Micah.
Berlin, Adele. Zephaniah. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1994.
Bruckner, James. Jonah-Nahum-Habakkuk-Zephaniah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
Roberts, J. J. M. Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. OTL. Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1991.
Robertson, O. Palmer. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
Sweeney, Marvin A. Zephaniah : A Commentary. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003.
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Haggai
Baldwin, Joyce G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1972.
Boda, Mark J. Haggai-Zechariah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
Meyers, Carol L. and Eric M. Meyers. Haggai, Zechariah 1-8. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1987.
Petersen, David L. Haggai, Zechariah 1-8. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1984.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
Taylor, Richard A. and E. Ray Clendenon. Haggai, Malachi. NAC 21A. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2004.
Verhoef, Pieter A. The Books of Haggai and Malachi. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.
Wolff, Hans Walter. Haggai. Atlanta: Augsburg, 1988.
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Zechariah
Baldwin, Joyce G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1972.
Boda, Mark J. Haggai-Zechariah. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
Klein, George L. Zechariah. NAC 21B. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishing, 2008.
Meyers, Carol L. and Eric M. Meyers. Haggai, Zechariah 1-8 (vol. 1) & Zechariah 9-14 (vol. 2). Garden City: Doubleday, 1987 & 1993.
Petersen, David L. Haggai, Zechariah 1-8 (See under Haggai) & Zechariah 9-14 and Malachi. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1995.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
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Malachi
Baker, David W. Joel-Obadiah-Malachi. NIVAC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006.
Baldwin, Joyce G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1972.
Petersen, David L. Zechariah 9-14 and Malachi. (vol. 2). Garden City: Doubleday, 1993.
Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Dallas: Word, 1984.
Verhoef, Pieter A. The Books of Haggai and Malachi. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.
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Teaching Fellow Recommended Web Links
Hebrew
http://www.mechon-mamre.org/index.htm Listen to the Hebrew Bible read aloud
http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/start/
http://www.hebrewsyntax.org/ Website created by former GCTS student John Beckman to help first year Hebrew students. Helpful mnemonics for learning vocabulary.
Old Testament
http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/ Journal of Hebrew Scriptures
http://www.ancientneareast.info/
http://content.lib.washington.edu/neareastweb/index.html See photos of Israel and the rest of the Ancient Near East
http://www.bible-researcher.com
http://www.tyndale.ca/sem/mtsmodular/viewpage.php?pid=65 find links to a number of books about the Old Testament as well as a great Bibliography
http://www.denverseminary.edu/article/annotated-old-testament-bibliography-2009/ Annotated bibliography from a few scholars at Denver Seminary
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